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More ELF buggery...
It has been some number of months since the release of "Subversive Dynamic
Linking", and while the basic theory is still sound, the time has come to
release a second technique for a parasite resolving symbols within a
host process image.
This updated technique is cleaner, more portable, more technically correct
and less detectable using no system calls at all.
A process image is a collection of one or more objects mapped into a common
address space. The dynamic linker co-ordinates symbol resolution, and
effectively communication, between these objects. The linker uses a link_map
structure to keep track of each object's location and symbol resolution
data.
The link_map structure is pointed to by a reserved entry in the GOT of
each object and
retrieved by the dynamic linker when required. The link_map structures are
also linked together in a doubly linked list. This list is traversed by the
dynamic linker when it attempts to resolve a symbol.
A parasite is capable of utilizing the link_map list just as effectively as
the dynamic linker. The attached code demonstrates how a parasite can
trivially accomplish the tasks required to resolve a symbol using link_maps.
This proof of concept code demonstrates: locating the ELF header of the
host object with position independant code; locating the link_map structure,
and traversing the list attempting to resolve the requested symbol
within each
object.
This code can be made small enough (< 400 bytes) to fit in larger shellcode,
removing the need to hardcode addresses for library functions. This is
not the
primary intent of the code, however the possibility for such use does exist.
peace,
grugq.
Greets: mammon_, welcome back to the world of the gainfully employed;
Doc Marvel, you don't call, you don't write, what am I? a mind reader?;
gerado, nuevos amigo con IRC (something like that); J.H. allen, steve mac,
deb and the other people I know won't read this (tell them, ok tore?);
pug and
cathy, wtf are you coming over for beer?; the london office; halvar, scut,
stealth, z, mgmma, lcamtuf, halfdead, pipacs, calvados, stone, spath,
psycho
and all the evil people I know.
/*
* Copyright (C) 2002 the grugq.
* All rights reserved.
*
* For educational purposes only.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include <elf.h>
#define NULL ((void *)0)
#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
// below is the real align(), but since we care about size, and we end up
// walking down and will likely discard the rounded up value
// we might as well use the cheat
// #define ALIGN(k, v) (((k) + ((v) - 1)) & ~((v) - 1))
#define PAGE_ALIGN(k) ((k) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1)) // the cheat page_align()
/* a POSIX structure */
struct link_map {
Elf32_Addr l_addr;
char * l_name;
Elf32_Dyn * l_ld; /* .dynamic ptr */
struct link_map * l_next,
* l_prev;
};
struct resolv {
Elf32_Word * hash;
Elf32_Word * chain;
Elf32_Sym * symtab;
char * strtab;
int num;
};
static int
strmatch(const char *src1, const char *src2)
{
register char * s1 = src1,
* s2 = src2;
for (; *s1 == *s2; s1++, s2++)
if (*s1 == 0x00)
return (1);
return (0);
}
static inline struct resolv *
build_resolv(struct link_map *l, struct resolv *r)
{
Elf32_Dyn * d;
/* we could have an implicit test for 0, knowing the value of DT_NULL
* but that isn't as clean, and the asm code doesn't change... */
for (d = l->l_ld; d->d_tag != DT_NULL; d++) {
switch (d->d_tag) {
case DT_HASH:
{
Elf32_Word * h;
/* whether an element is relocated seems to
* be an entirely platform dependant issue. */
h = (Elf32_Word *)
((char *)d->d_un.d_ptr+l->l_addr);
r->num = *h++; /* num buckets */
h++; /* num chains */
r->hash = h;
r->chain = &h[r->num];
}
break;
case DT_STRTAB:
r->strtab = (char *)d->d_un.d_ptr;
break;
case DT_SYMTAB:
r->symtab = (Elf32_Sym *)d->d_un.d_ptr;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
return (r);
}
static void *
resolve(char *sym_name, long hn, struct link_map *l)
{
Elf32_Sym * sym;
struct resolv * r;
long ndx;
/* XXX error checking is a waste of space in a parasite; size matters */
r = build_resolv(l, alloca(sizeof(*r)));
for (ndx = r->hash[ hn % r->num ]; ndx; ndx = r->chain[ ndx ]) {
sym = &r->symtab[ ndx ];
/* this check is optional */
if (ELF32_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC)
continue;
if (strmatch(sym_name, r->strtab + sym->st_name))
return (((char *)l->l_addr) + sym->st_value);
}
return NULL;
}
static struct link_map *
locate_link_map(void *my_base)
{
Elf32_Ehdr * e = (Elf32_Ehdr *)my_base;
Elf32_Phdr * p;
Elf32_Dyn * d;
Elf32_Word * got;
p = (Elf32_Phdr *)((char *)e + e->e_phoff);
while (p++<(Elf32_Phdr *)((char*)p + (e->e_phnum * sizeof(Elf32_Phdr))))
if (p->p_type == PT_DYNAMIC)
break;
/* XXX error checking, see above */
/*
if (p->p_type != PT_DYNAMIC)
return (NULL);
*/
for (d = (Elf32_Dyn *)p->p_vaddr; d->d_tag != DT_NULL; d++)
if (d->d_tag == DT_PLTGOT) {
got = (Elf32_Word *)d->d_un.d_ptr;
break;
}
/* XXX error check, see above */
/*
if (got == NULL)
return (NULL);
*/
/* a platform dependant value. CPU architecture, not OS determined. */
#define GOT_LM_PTR 1
return ((struct link_map *)got[GOT_LM_PTR]);
}
void *
resolv(void *my_base, char *sym_name, long hn)
{
struct link_map * l;
void * a;
/* scan link maps... */
l = locate_link_map(my_base);
/* hope that the list is NULL terminated */
while (l->l_prev)
l = l->l_prev;
/* scan link maps for the symbol. slow, but technically correct. */
for (; l->l_next; l = l->l_next)
if ((a = resolve(sym_name, hn, l)))
return (a);
return (NULL);
}
static inline void *
text_addr(void)
{
void * a;
/* This isn't the cleanest way of getting an address that our code
*/
__asm__ (
" call .Lnext \n"
".Lnext: \n"
" pop %%eax \n"
: "=a" (a)
:
);
return ((void *)PAGE_ALIGN((long)a));
}
/* The value typically used on Linux i386 boxes is 0x08048000 */
static void *
locate_my_base(void)
{
char * a;
/* We really should do a signal() for SIGSEGV and ensure that if we
* miss the ELF header (for some reason) we dont segfault the host
* process image */
for (a = text_addr();; a -= PAGE_SIZE)
if (!memcmp(a, ELFMAG, SELFMAG))
return (a);
/* never reached. we either explode above, or get what we came for. */
return (NULL);
}
/* With size considerations it makes more sense to hardcode the elf_hash()
* value for a given symbol. This has the added benefit of improving
* execution speed. */
unsigned long
elf_hash(const char *name)
{
unsigned long h = 0, g;
while (*name) {
h = (h << 4) + *name++;
if ((g = h & 0xf0000000))
h ^= g >> 24;
h &= ~g;
}
return (h);
}
int
main (void)
{
unsigned long hn;
void * my_addr;
char * sym_name = "printf";
int (*printf)(const char *, ...);
hn = elf_hash(sym_name);
my_addr = locate_my_base();
printf = resolv(my_addr, sym_name, hn);
(*printf)("Hello World\n");
return (0);
}